Slapew virus

He received his B. Since then, his research has focused mainly on noroviruses and sapoviruses. From September to August , he studied at Dr. Linda J. Saif's lab and at Dr. During to , she was a postdoctoral fellow at the Medical College of Wisconsin. Since , her interests have focused on enteric viruses.

Her research focus is on enteric caliciviruses and coronaviruses, including diagnosis of viral infections, molecular epidemiology, molecular characterization of new viruses, propagation of enteric viruses in cell culture, molecular mechanisms of cell culture adaptation and attenuation, interspecies transmission of viruses between humans and animals, the mechanism of enteric virus transmission through leafy greens, and the development of vaccines.

He obtained his Ph. After graduation, he worked as a research scientist in infectious diseases and diagnostics at Bio Medical Laboratories, Inc. His main focus is basic research on noroviruses, sapoviruses, and rotaviruses. From to , he studied a norovirus reverse genetics system in Dr. Mary K. Estes's lab at Baylor College of Medicine. Recently, he successfully developed a reverse genetics system for murine and human noroviruses. Her research focuses on enteric and respiratory viral infections coronaviruses, rotaviruses, and caliciviruses of food animals and humans, zoonotic infection, mucosal and neonatal immunity, and vaccine development.

Her lab identified new enteric viruses group C rotavirus and caliciviruses and characterized their pathogenesis. Saif has authored or coauthored over journal publications and 57 book chapters pertaining to her research.

She is a member of the U. National Academy of Sciences. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Clin Microbiol Rev v. Clin Microbiol Rev. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Corresponding author. Address correspondence to Tomoichiro Oka, pj.

Comprehensive review of human sapoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev — All Rights Reserved. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. HISTORY Sapovirus particles are small about 30 to 38 nm in diameter and icosahedral and have cup-shaped depressions on the surface, which is a typical calicivirus morphology Fig.

Open in a separate window. FIG 1. FIG 2. FIG 3. FIG 4. Evolution and Emergence of Predominant Sapovirus Strains Genogroup and genotype analysis is important to characterize the currently circulating sapoviruses in the population. FIG 5. Antigen Detection Methods Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ELISAs have been developed for the detection of human sapovirus antigens 91 , 93 , , and have been used for the detection of sapoviruses from clinical samples 43 , 91 , , — , Full-Genome Sequencing Approaches Full genomic sequence analysis is still not practical for routine diagnosis.

TABLE 5 Reported clinical severity scores for sapovirus-, norovirus-, and rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis. Shedding Levels and Patterns in Feces Sapovirus shedding in feces may continue after symptoms disappear 1 to 4 weeks after onset of illness 6 , 22 , , Sporadic Cases Sapoviruses are detected worldwide i.

TABLE 6 Sapovirus positive rates in gastroenteritis patients from 13 studies that detected more than 30 strains during the study period. Outbreaks Although the reported outbreak numbers are less for sapoviruses than for noroviruses , , — , sapovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks occur throughout the year in all ages of people in various settings, such as child day care centers, kindergartens, schools, colleges, hospitals, nursing homes, restaurants, hotels, wedding halls, and ships 3 , — 7 , 9 , 80 , 98 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , — Sapoviruses in Seafood, Environmental Water, and Animals Sapoviruses genetically indistinguishable i.

Transmission Route and Host Susceptibility Transmission of sapovirus is through the fecal-oral route. Immunity The serological responses to sapovirus infection were demonstrated by immune electron microscopy, ELISA, or radioimmunoassay using paired sera i.

Madeley CR. Comparison of the features of astroviruses and caliciviruses seen in samples of feces by electron microscopy. J Infect Dis — Caliciviruses in man. Lancet i — Calicivirus associated with winter vomiting disease. Lancet i An outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with calicivirus in an infant home.

J Med Virol 4 — Winter vomiting disease caused by calicivirus. J Clin Pathol 32 — Fecal shedding of virus in relation to the days of illness in infantile gastroenteritis due to calicivirus. An outbreak of calicivirus infection in a mother and baby unit.

J Clin Pathol 33 — An outbreak of calicivirus associated gastroenteritis in an elderly persons home. A possible zoonosis? J Hyg Lond 93 — A new serotype of calicivirus associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis in a residential home for the elderly.

J Clin Pathol 34 — Members of the family caliciviridae Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus are the most prevalent cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks among infants in Japan.

Sapporo virus: history and recent findings. Molecular characterization of morphologically typical human calicivirus Sapporo. Arch Virol — Molecular characterization of a human calicivirus with sequence relationships closer to animal caliciviruses than other known human caliciviruses.

J Med Virol 45 — Full sequence analysis of the original Sapporo virus. Microbiol Immunol 55 — Mayo MA. A summary of taxonomic changes recently approved by ICTV. J Virol 86 — Discovery and genetic characterization of novel caliciviruses in German and Dutch poultry.

Characterization of a rhesus monkey calicivirus representing a new genus of Caliciviridae. J Virol 82 — Genomic characterization of swine caliciviruses representing a new genus of Caliciviridae. Virus Genes 39 — Genetic characterization of a novel calicivirus from a chicken. Nosocomial infantile gastroenteritis associated with minirotavirus and calicivirus.

J Pediatr 93 — The occurrence of calicivirus in infants with acute gastroenteritis. Kjeldsberg E. Small spherical viruses in faeces from gastroenteritis patients.

Propagation of human candidate calicivirus in cell culture. J Gen Virol 65 — Bile acids are essential for porcine enteric calicivirus replication in association with down-regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1. Serial propagation of porcine enteric calicivirus-like virus in primary porcine kidney cell cultures. J Clin Microbiol 26 — Serial propagation of porcine enteric calicivirus in a continuous cell line.

Effect of medium supplementation with intestinal contents or enzymes. Reverse genetics system for porcine enteric calicivirus, a prototype sapovirus in the Caliciviridae. J Virol 79 — The crucial role of bile acids in the entry of porcine enteric calicivirus.

Virology — Cell-culture propagation of porcine enteric calicivirus mediated by intestinal contents is dependent on the cyclic AMP signaling pathway. Pathogenesis of porcine enteric calicivirus-like virus in four-day-old gnotobiotic pigs.

Am J Vet Res 49 — Comparative pathogenesis of tissue culture-adapted and wild-type Cowden porcine enteric calicivirus PEC in gnotobiotic pigs and induction of diarrhea by intravenous inoculation of wild-type PEC.

J Virol 75 — Rotavirus-like, calicivirus-like, and nm virus-like particles associated with diarrhea in young pigs. J Clin Microbiol 12 — The polypeptide of a human calicivirus. Arch Virol 78 :1—7. Biochemical characterization of porcine enteric calicivirus: analysis of structural and nonstructural viral proteins.

Stability of and attachment to lettuce by a culturable porcine sapovirus surrogate for human caliciviruses. Appl Environ Microbiol 78 — Green KY. Caliciviridae: the noroviruses: specific virus families , p — Characterization of an enteropathogenic bovine calicivirus representing a potentially new calicivirus genus. J Virol 76 — Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus—molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a calicivirus genome.

Organization and expression of calicivirus genes. Human enteric caliciviruses have a unique genome structure and are distinct from the Norwalk-like viruses. Virus Genes 15 — Sapporo-like human caliciviruses are genetically and antigenically diverse. Parkville virus: a novel genetic variant of human calicivirus in the Sapporo virus clade, associated with an outbreak of gastroenteritis in adults.

J Med Virol 52 — Genetic diversity among sapoviruses. Genetic variability in the sapovirus capsid protein. Virus Genes 33 — Discovery and genomic characterization of a novel bat sapovirus with unusual genomic features and phylogenetic position. PLoS One 7 :e Proteolytic processing of sapovirus ORF1 polyprotein.

Identification of the cleavage sites of sapovirus open reading frame 1 polyprotein. J Gen Virol 87 — Structural and biological constraints on diversity of regions immediately upstream of cleavage sites in calicivirus precursor proteins.

Highly conserved configuration of catalytic amino acid residues among calicivirus-encoded proteases. J Virol 81 — Comparative site-directed mutagenesis in the catalytic amino acid triad in calicivirus proteases. Structural basis for specific recognition of substrates by sapovirus protease. Front Microbiol 3 Cleavage activity of the sapovirus 3C-like protease in Escherichia coli.

Functional characterization of the cleavage specificity of the sapovirus chymotrypsin-like protease. Virus Genes 42 — Isolation of enzymatically active replication complexes from feline calicivirus-infected cells. Processing map and essential cleavage sites of the nonstructural polyprotein encoded by ORF1 of the feline calicivirus genome. Identification of a calicivirus isolate of unknown origin.

J Gen Virol 84 — Detection of viral proteins after infection of cultured hepatocytes with rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus. J Virol 72 — In vitro proteolytic processing of the MD norovirus ORF1 nonstructural polyprotein yields stable precursors and products similar to those detected in calicivirus-infected cells. J Virol 77 — Stable expression of a Norwalk virus RNA replicon in a human hepatoma cell line. Cleavage map and proteolytic processing of the murine norovirus nonstructural polyprotein in infected cells.

J Virol 80 — Investigation of norovirus replication in a human cell line. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus: genome organization and polyprotein processing of a calicivirus studied after transient expression of cDNA constructs. Pfister T, Wimmer E. Polypeptide p41 of a Norwalk-like virus is a nucleic acid-independent nucleoside triphosphatase. Security Operations.

Products for Home For Home. Sophos Home. Summary More information. The worm looks for: Red Hat running Apache 1. SuSE running Apache 1. Mandrake running Apache 1. Very rarely, it can cause a miscarriage or stillbirth. Parvovirus infection does not cause birth defects. They may require a transfusion of red blood cells to maintain an adequate level of haemoglobin. Those with disorders such as sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia and hereditary spherocytosis can experience a sudden drop in haemoglobin, the protein that transports oxygen around the blood, with slapped cheek disease.

In severe cases, this can lead to heart failure. A transfusion of red blood cells to maintain an adequate level of haemoglobin may be required. This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. Anthrax is a rare but potentially fatal bacterial disease that occasionally infects humans. The Western obsession with cleanliness may be partly responsible for the increase in allergic asthma and conditions such as rhinitis.

Careful prescribing of antibiotics will minimise the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria. Aspergillus is a fungus that commonly grows on rotting vegetation. It can cause asthma symptoms. The simplest form of prevention for lyssavirus is to avoid close contact with bats. Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional.

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